In physics and astronomy, redshift occurs when the visible light from an object is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. Wavelength increases up towards the red and beyond, (frequency decreases) Space Res.Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared with that of the Sun (left). High resolution science with high redshift galaxies. Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: cosmological interpretation. Effects of ellipticity and shear on gravitational lens statistics. Internal and collective properties of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Constraints on dark energy from the third data release quasar lens catalog. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar lens search. UV-dropout galaxies in the GOODS-South Field from WFC3 early release science observations. The first supernova explosions: energetics, feedback, and chemical enrichment. Magnification of quasars by cosmologically distributed gravitational lenses. An analytic expression for the luminosity function for galaxies. How JWST can measure first light, reionization and galaxy assembly. Detection of cosmic magnification with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Galaxy-quasar correlations between APM galaxies and Hamburg-ESO QSOs. Detection of statistical gravitational lensing by foreground mass distributions. z ∼ 7 – 10 galaxies behind lensing clusters: contrast with field search results. Bright strongly lensed galaxies at redshift z ∼ 6 – 7 behind the clusters Abell 1703 and CL0024+16. Discovery of a very bright strongly lensed galaxy candidate at z ∼ 7.6. A Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope survey for gravitationally lensed galaxies: further evidence for a significant population of low-luminosity galaxies beyond z = 7. R., III The statistics of gravitational lenses - the distributions of image angular separations and lens redshifts. Constraining the redshift z ∼ 6 quasar luminosity function using gravitational lensing. High-redshift galaxies: their predicted size and surface brightness distributions and their gravitational lensing probability. The galaxy luminosity function during the reionization epoch. The major sources of the cosmic reionizing background at z ∼ 6. Galaxies at z = 6 – 9 from the WFC3/IR imaging of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Probing L * Lyman-break galaxies at z ∼ 7 in GOODS-South with WFC3 on Hubble Space Telescope. Candidates of z ∼ 5.5 – 7 galaxies in the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field. Star formation at z ∼ 6: the Hubble Ultra Deep Parallel Fields. Galaxy formation in the reionization epoch as hinted by Wide Field Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. Constraints on the first galaxies: z ∼ 10 galaxy candidates from HST WFC3/IR. Candidate z ∼ 8 – 9 galaxies from WFC3 imaging. UV luminosity functions from 113 z ∼ 7 and z ∼ 8 Lyman-break galaxies in the ultra-deep HUDF09 and wide-area ERS WFC3/IR observations. Future surveys will need to be designed to account for a significant gravitational lensing bias in high-redshift galaxy samples.īouwens, R. This lens-induced association of high-redshift and foreground galaxies has perhaps already been observed among a sample of galaxy candidates identified at z ≈ 10.6. The number counts could be modified by an order of magnitude, with most galaxies being part of multiply imaged systems, located less than 1 arcsec from brighter foreground galaxies at z ≈ 2. Here we report that gravitational lensing is likely to dominate the observed properties of galaxies with redshifts of z ≳ 12, when the instrumental limiting magnitude is expected to be brighter than the characteristic magnitude of the galaxy sample. The raw probability of this happening has been estimated to be ∼0.5 per cent (refs 11, 12), but can be larger owing to observational biases. Standard models 11 predict that a high incidence of gravitational lensing will probably distort measurements of flux and number of these earliest galaxies. The observed number counts of high-redshift galaxy candidates 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 have been used to build up a statistical description of star-forming activity at redshift z ≳ 7, when galaxies reionized the Universe 1, 2, 9, 10.
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